{"created":"2023-06-20T15:28:49.061826+00:00","id":8353,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"58a95a99-e92f-4b3c-aa91-85811b906b25"},"_deposit":{"created_by":12,"id":"8353","owners":[12],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"8353"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:ouj.repo.nii.ac.jp:00008353","sets":["470:394:542"]},"author_link":["10590","10578","10580","10588","10589","10579"],"item_10002_biblio_info_7":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"2015-03-20","bibliographicIssueDateType":"Issued"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"67","bibliographicPageStart":"45","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"32","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"放送大学研究年報 = Journal of The Open University of Japan"}]}]},"item_10002_description_12":{"attribute_name":"論文ID（NAID）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"40020473095","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_10002_description_5":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"　高所では一般に、エネルギー摂取量が低い一方、運動量が多いため、糖尿病や高血圧などの生活習慣病はもともと少ないと考えられてきた。しかし、生活スタイルの変化によって、近年、急激に生活習慣病が顕在化してきた。そこで、本研究では、インド・ラダーク地方に焦点を絞り、文化人類学と栄養学と医学の共同により、高所環境に対する人間の医学生理的適応と生態・文化的適応を明らかにし、そして、近年の変化によって適応のバランスがどのように崩れ、それが高所住民にどのような影響を及ぼしているかを明らかにすることを主な目的とした。\n　本稿では、まず、ラダークの都市レー（標高3600m）の概要、チャンタン高原（標高4200-4900m）の遊牧民とドムカル谷（標高3000-3800m）の農民・農牧民の伝統的生活とその変化、及びその背景について論じる。つぎに、それぞれの地域で実施した健診調査のうち、栄養学調査の結果、および分析について論じる。\n　チャンタン高原の人びとは、以前はヤクとヤギ・ヒツジの遊牧と交易によって生計を立ててきた。遊牧については、基本的に固有のシステムが継承されている。一方、かつて行われていた、北のチベット、西のザンスカル等との長距離のキャラバン交易は、消滅した。\n　ドムカル谷では、農耕とともに、ヤク、ゾモ（ウシとヤクの交雑種）、ゾー（ゾモの雄）、バラン（在来ウシ）などの移牧が行われてきた。ドムカルにおける農牧複合は、この地方の厳しい自然環境に適応した、独自の特徴を持っている。それは相互扶助などの社会システムによって支えられてきた。しかし、若者が軍関係の仕事につくため、村外に出ることが多くなり、家畜の飼養は急激に減少し、むらの生活も近代化して大きく変化してきた。その背景には、中国との国境紛争、舗装道路の開通、政府による食糧配給による援助、さらに、レーの都市の拡大・観光化や軍の需要などによる市場経済化などがある。\n　ラダークにおける食事調査により、高所環境という食料入手の困難な環境を反映した、質・量ともに乏しい栄養状態を明らかにした一方、レーやドムカルでは過栄養やこれに関わる生活習慣病も見過ごせない問題となっていることが明らかになった。さらに、栄養摂取と糖尿病との関連を分析すると、エネルギー摂取量の多い人だけではなく、少ない人にも糖尿病がみられた。エネルギー摂取量の少ない人では、食品摂取の多様性が少なく、炭水化物に偏った食事内容になっていることも要因の一つと考察できる。\n　現在の人々の食の嗜好からも食事の変化をみてとることができた。特に大麦から米・小麦への主食の転換は、元来の高所住民の伝統的な食生活の中心を大きく変えるものであり、生活習慣病の増加の一因となることが懸念される。伝統的な食生活を見直すこと加え、野菜などの摂取頻度の少ない食品群の補強がうまく行われること、さらに健康に関する知識の向上が今後ますます重要になると考えられる。","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_10002_publisher_8":{"attribute_name":"出版者","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"放送大学"}]},"item_10002_source_id_11":{"attribute_name":"書誌レコードID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"AN10019636","subitem_source_identifier_type":"NCID"}]},"item_10002_source_id_9":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"0911-4505","subitem_source_identifier_type":"ISSN"}]},"item_10002_textarea_25":{"attribute_name":"抄録（英）","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_textarea_language":"en","subitem_textarea_value":"　In the highlands, lifestyle-related diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension were not common among the local people because their caloric intake was low and they maintained high levels of physical activity. However, current changes in their lifestyles have increased occurrence of these diseases. Thus, our study aims to reveal how humans had adapted to highland environments physiologically and culturally, and how current lifestyle changes affect the adaptation balance of highlanders living in Ladakh, India.\n　In this article, we will first describe the traditional lifestyle and the changes it has experienced in 3 settings in Ladakh；Leh, the central town in Ladakh （3600m ASL）；Changtang plateau, a nomadic area（4200-4900m ASL）；and Domkhar valley, a place where agriculture and animal husbandry are practiced（3000-3800 ASL）. Secondly, the methods and results of a medical survey conducted in these 3 settings will be introduced with a focus on nutrition and diabetes.\n　People in the Changtang plateau, used to live by nomadic pastoralism and trade. They still continue their traditional system of the pastoralism today. Nonetheless the long-distance “caravan trade” which used to span from Tibet in the north to Zanskar in the west, and beyond, disappeared about 15 years ago.\n　In the Domkhar valley, pastoral transhumance of yak, dzomo（female hybrid of a cow and yak）, dzo（male dzomo） and balang（local cattle） has been practiced concurrently with agriculture in this area. The agro-pastoral complex in Domkhar had been adapted to the severe natural environments in this area and developed unique characteristics. It is also related strongly to the social systems such as reciprocal aid in the  community. However, the younger generations have increasingly begun working in military-related jobs and tend to leave their villages, which is resulting in the drastic decrease of livestock. Their traditional lifestyle had also been changing with modernization. In the background of these changes were the border dispute with China, newly-opened paved roads, food aid from the government, and the transition to a market economy caused by the rapid urban growth of Leh, compounded by expanding tourism and military needs.\n　Our nutritional survey revealed that the nutritional intake of highlanders in Ladakh was not sufficient in both quality and quantity, which reflects the severe environment lacking of food recourses. On the other hand, the increase of lifestyle-related diseases and excessive nutrient consumption has emerged as a social problem in the central town Leh and even in Domkhar village. We analyzed the association between nutritional intake and diabetes and found that the prevalence of diabetes was higher not only in the high energy intake group, but also in the low energy intake group, compared to the adequate energy intake group. Food diversity was low in the low energy intake group in Leh. This can be considered due to an unbalanced diet excessive in carbohydrates. These factors might have contributed to the diabetic status.\n　Changes in dietary habits can also be observed by considering peopleʼs food preferences. The drastic change in the main staple food from barley to rice or wheat affected the dietary intake of the highlanders who had been adapted to the traditional dietary habits. These changes might have led to an increase in lifestyle-related diseases. These findings illustrate the growing importance of health education about the need to strengthen the food supply, which was not sufficient such as vegetables, and the importance of reconsidering the significance of traditional foods."}]},"item_10002_version_type_20":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_resource":"http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85","subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"稲村, 哲也"},{"creatorName":"イナムラ, テツヤ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10578","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"},{"nameIdentifier":"1000000203208","nameIdentifierScheme":"NRID","nameIdentifierURI":" "}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"木村, 友美"},{"creatorName":"キムラ, ユミ","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10579","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"奥宮, 清人"},{"creatorName":"オクミヤ, キヨヒト","creatorNameLang":"ja-Kana"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10580","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Inamura, Tetsuya","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10588","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Kimura, Yumi","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10589","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"Okumiya, Kiyohito","creatorNameLang":"en"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{"nameIdentifier":"10590","nameIdentifierScheme":"WEKO"}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2015-10-20"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"32_04.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.5 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"ヒマラヤ・ラダーク地方における高所適応とその変容 （1）生業と食を中心に","url":"https://ouj.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/8353/files/32_04.pdf"},"version_id":"92de846b-188d-4e65-a1bf-7dea7a23143f"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"ヒマラヤ・ラダーク地方における高所適応とその変容 (1) 生業と食を中心に","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"ヒマラヤ・ラダーク地方における高所適応とその変容 (1) 生業と食を中心に"},{"subitem_title":"Adaptation to the highland and its changes in Ladakh, the Himalayas (1) focusing on subsistence and food","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_type_id":"10002","owner":"12","path":["542"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2015-10-20"},"publish_date":"2015-10-20","publish_status":"0","recid":"8353","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["ヒマラヤ・ラダーク地方における高所適応とその変容 (1) 生業と食を中心に"],"weko_creator_id":"12","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-12-19T06:57:54.389462+00:00"}